The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire: Further psychometric validation and clinical implications of the French version in normal weight and obese persons.

OBJECTIVES This study tested the psychometric properties of the French version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) for normal weight and obese patients; determined the factors associated with each DEBQ score: emotional eating (eating in response to emotional arousal states such as fear, anger or anxiety), externality (eating in response to external food cues such as sight and smell of food), and restrained eating behavior/cognitive restraint (conscious efforts to limit and control dietary intake); and determined how to interpret the results from this scale to guide clinical practice. METHODS Between January 2009 and April 2009, we assessed non-paired normal weight persons (n=74) and all consecutive obese patients consulting in the Nutrition Ward of the University Hospital of Tours (n=75; including bariatric surgery patients) using the DEBQ. We tested the scale's factor structure using a factor analysis for ordinal data and internal consistency for each DEBQ dimension. RESULTS Our results supported a three-factor structure for both normal weight and obese patients. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients were excellent for emotional eating and externality (α≥0.90) and good for cognitive restraint (α≥0.81). The emotional eating and cognitive restraint scores were higher for women (P<0.001) and obese patients (P<0.05). Higher cognitive restraint was associated with higher current and previous BMI (P<0.01). For patients who had bariatric surgery, higher length of time since surgery was significantly associated with higher externality (ρ=0.359; P≤0.05) and marginally associated with higher cognitive restraint (ρ=0.294; P=0.10) and higher emotional eating (ρ=0.302; P=0.10). CONCLUSIONS Our results support a three-dimensional factor structure for the French version of the DEBQ for normal weight and obese patients. We propose the chance to change hypothesis to explain results for bariatric surgery patients: patients experience a beneficial but transient decrease in externality, emotionality and cognitive restraint, and this period of time gives the patient a chance for cognitive, behavioral and emotional change. This critical period should be well prepared before surgery to improve the patient's postoperative success, by tackling each factor that could diminish the chances for success as soon as possible (e.g., early screening and treatment for psychiatric disorders).